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2025-12-22 09:38:52 -

Pathophysiology of End-Stage Heart Failure and Mechanical Intervention

End-stage heart failure occurs when the myocardium can no longer maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of the body. This condition is characterized by a significant reduction in ejection fraction, leading to systemic congestion, pulmonary edema, and multi-organ failure. When medical management and conventional surgeries (such as valve repair) are no longer effective,...

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